Cell Phones And Its Effect On Our Health - 947 Words

As we came to the Information Age, more and more intelligent products have been created and developed. Cell phones are one of the most important products in this age. The depth of the roles that cell phones play in our life which even we do not realize how vital it is. Normally, in order to get messages on time, people always take cell phones with them all the day. Cell phones became secretary, housekeeper and the best friend of humans. Unfortunately, according to some recent researches, cell phones may threaten our health. Then here comes the problem; is the best friend we stay with all the day really safe to us? Cell phones emit radiation as long as they are working. Radiation travelling as waves. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency, the greater the exposer to the radiation. When the energy is high enough, the radiation can displace electrons from atoms and mutate cells (Hui Eliseï ¼Å'2015). The radiation they emitted is the same as microwaves, television, laptops. It can penetrate into an adult’s brain about 4-6cmï ¼Ë† Schuz et alï ¼Å'2016ï ¼â€°. Some people are negative with the cell phone’s safety, believe that radiofrequency(RF) radiation-the type of radiation that cell phones emit; can cause DNA damage, tumor growth, and also can decrease fertility(procon.orgï ¼Å' 2016). They said the period of cancers to develop may take 20-30 years while cell phone user may take 10 or less years (procon.orgï ¼Å'2016). However, Erick Swanson considers that RF radiation were not powerfulShow MoreRelatedCell Phone And Its Effect On Our Health1430 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped, the cell phone starts playing an important role in our life and it takes a large part of our time. About twenty years ago, Steve Jobs didn’t sell cell phone, Apple only represented the new fashion computer and of course, no one was using the cell phone as a social method. However, only twenty years later, cell phone technology exploded, Jobs becomes a legend, Apple become the most famous company because of its i-Phone. Cell phone now replace letter, television, book, computer, even our friendsRead MoreBad Effects of Cell Phone on Society856 Words   |  4 PagesBAD EFFECTS OF CELL PHONE ON SOCIETY A report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) said there were about six billion cell phone subscriptions at the end of 2011-roughly one for 86 of every 100 people. Up to now, this number has continued to increase dramatically. This proves certainly that cell phone affects our society more strongly and more deeply in many aspects. No one can deny that cell phone is playing a very important and necessary role in our society because it not onlyRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Cell Phones on Health1300 Words   |  6 Pagesconvenience to our lives. But, with that comfort and convenience, there often comes a price; and the technology of the cell phone proves no exception. Arguably, as a communication tool, the cell phone has no equal in how it has changed and affected our lives. Mostly, the effect has been positive in many ways. But, as it is with anything, overuse and abuse has brought out its dark side and the effect of unintended consequences. One of the unintended consequences of the cell phone is its effect on theRead MoreMobile Phone Use And Semen Quality870 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology based society has its perks, our society has endless amounts of information at our finger tips. But, the increase in cell phone usage has brought up many concerns relating to our health. When I think about these health concerns, I think about my mother lecturing me, â€Å"Katheryn Paige Leyde, take your phone out of your front pockets right now!† I would role my eyes, and pull my phone out of my pocket. I never really thought of technology as a health hazard, but my mother had read an article;Read MoreNegative Effects Of Cell Phones1192 Words   |  5 PagesIn this day and age, more than half of the worlds population owns and uses cell phones. It is a well-known fact that cell phones emit low doses of radiation each time one is used, however, people tend to brush it off and not think about the long-term effects it may have. Its only small doses, what harm can come from it? That is a question us cell phone users may ask ourselves, yet never really look into or research. Maybe its because we choose not to know the actual truth and just focus on theRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phone Safety Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe cell phone safety In spite of the fact that cell phones convey a few expediency and advantages to our lives, they additionally have some possibly unsafe impacts. Disclosure of cell phones has been one of the critical technological progress lately. A portion of these effects has contributed emphatically to our lives, yet at the same time, others have affected contrarily. The cell phones have had a noticeable effect on the social life of individuals. In any case, cell phones have accompaniedRead MoreCell Phone Radiation Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesPurpose: My purpose is to provide information on cell phone radiation, the risks that can be caused by cell phone radiation, and the potential health problems that could result from this. Details of the topic: I am going to talk about the arguments about how cell phone radiation can affect our lives and whether these arguments are accurate or not. Cell phone radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that has the ability to cause health issues. The radiation from this device can cause seriousRead MoreImpact Of Cell Phones On Society1509 Words   |  7 Pagesinternet highlights the latest technology that captivates both young and old. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our society. Primarily, the development of cellphones which combine different sophisticated features has made the device one of the necessities of life. So far, statistics indicate that the number of cell phones in the world supersedes the total population of people. Most people consider cell phones beneficial because of the level of interconnectedness it creates between people aroundRead MoreCell Phone Safety : The Most Cherished Work Of Mine1520 Words   |  7 Pagesprobably the most cherished work of min e. I had heard the potential hazards of cell phones, and after spending an extended amount of time doing the research, the findings negating cell phone safety was irrefutable. I think that since cell phones are such a highly debated topic, it was an awesome subject to tackle, and I hope this paper can help people think twice about cell phone safety. Unseen Dangers: The Reality of Cell Phones The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of modern technology, creatingRead MoreMobile Phone Addiction1003 Words   |  5 PagesEFFECTS OF USING MOBILE PHONE TOO MUCH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mobile phone is one of the greatest invention in 20th century. We can not imagine how is our life without the mobile phone. It is an obvious truth that the mobile phone gives us benefits in some aspects of life. Using mobile phone distributes our communication to make it easier than before. Besides a mobile phone can provide us with a lot of functions like relaxing with music, chatting or playing games. However, today people especially young

Reflective Journal Free Essays

string(52) " is linked with positive motivation and vice versa\." Summary Reflective Overview Introduction The first reflective learning journal I worte has bad achievement, since I was confused to write it with no direction and also I did not ask for help. However,the significant point is that I have learnt a lot from the first journal,not only knowing the structure of journal, but I also learn how to assess and improve my personal skills and interpersonal skills. From now on,I pay attention to the second reflective journal from week 4 to week7. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think I will obtain a lot of useful knowledge after following the pedagogical approach. The Flashback of learning during the course Week 4 Assess To assess where the level of competency in problem solving ,creativity and managing conflict lay I drafted a questionnaire which comprised of, filling in the scores of the skill assessment from the chapter 3and 7 of Developing Management Skills ( David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron 2011). This data was compiled in the textbook for easy reference. Rather than making all of my conclusions based on empirical data I also used my observations from performance. Having reviewed the data from the textbook of my questionnaire and realising I am lack of competency in problem solving and managing conflict,but have good creativity. Learn When I studied in the fourth week, I found the lecture always discussed the cases which we should read before, we had to solve problems from the cases and reflected on our experiences. It looked the students work in collaborative groups to solve open-ended problems. The role of the lecture was extremely like a facilitator. We have to collaborate and take responsibility for the group. We have to organize the learning process by ourselves and create a solution together. According to managing creativity and conflict in projects, I learnt new to me there were two types of problem solving-analytical and creative problem solving and four steps of problem solving- define the problem, generate alternative solutions, evaluate and select an alternative, implement and follow up on the solution( David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron 2011). I think it is benefits to assist me in solving problems reasoningly and effectively, rather than facing are complicated, multifaceted and ambiguous. Moving to the theory of conceptual blocks inhibit creative problem solving, I am confused that complacency includes noninquisitiveness. I realize that I do not ask questions while solving problems since I lose confidence to look for answers without complacency. Moving to interpersonal conflict, the one of major reasons is creative problem solving. During the class, the lecture supported conflict, however, I did not totally agree this point. For example, if group members face conflict and cannot manage well, the results will break the relationships, leading to negative influence on their performance. On the other hand, I also learnt several sources of conflict, such as personal differences, informational deficiencies, role incompatibility and environmental stress, which I have experienced or have seen in the society. Sometimes, I chose to avoid the conflict. Actually, it was good and bad behaviors regarded to different kinds of people when I managed the conflict. I seldom picked other ways, such as forcing, compromising, accommodating and collaborating. Analyse I noticed that integrating and accommodating were two main strategies for managing interpersonal conflict employed by our team members. While this looked like as a kind of strength than some teams, whereas it was a weakness in our case. Rather than dealing with our problems and differences out in the open, we avoided open conflict and defused situations as they arose. When defining a problem,my insight seemed too narrow and seldom catched the major step. I noticed Irish students were confident and creative to solve problems when we discussed about assignments. They avoided the conceptual blocks of creative problem solving to achieve better performance. I admired their competencies in problem solving. But they seemed to be confident evolving into forcing me. I thought my own character tended to avoid conflict, so I might keep quiet when my idea was not accepted. And other two Asian students in my team also tended to integrate and accommodate. This led to delaying the storming stage of our team’s development and thus had a shortage on our team’s performance. Practice We communicated with Irish students about the situation, they also noticed that we were lack of managing personal conflict in our team. We decided to open thoughts sharing with each other whether wrong or right when we discuss the group assignment facing problems. Then each member needed to provide evidence so that others totally accepted. The aim of the strategy was implemented to improve each person’s competency in problem solving and increase positive conflict. The effect of the approach would achieve in the next group meeting. Apply Indeed,I prepare to become a more effective problem solver, both analytical and creative, which is a good direction that promoting relationship and communication among team members. I provide effective strategies immediately when the team faces problems. Moving to manage personal conflict,I think I cannot be passive when communicating with team members. Although my idea may not the best or most useful,I should fulfil confidence and raise my thoughts, that is also the reason why I further study to improve my profession. Week5 Assess To assess where the level of competency in motivating others,empowering and delegating lay I drafted a questionnaire which comprised of, filling in the scores of the skill assessment from the chapter 6and 8 of Developing Management Skills( David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron 2011). This data was compiled in the textbook for easy reference. Rather than making all of my conclusions based on empirical data I also used my observations from performance. Having reviewed the data from the textbook of my questionnaire and realising I am lack of diagnosing poor performance and enhancing motivation,as well as empowerment and delegation. Learn Turning to the theory of motivation, I found that good performance is linked with positive motivation and vice versa. You read "Reflective Journal" in category "Essay examples" The purpose of this week I noticed to learn diagnosing poor performance. After learning, I realized that ability was also needed to consider with motivation when diagnosing work performance problems. A person’s lack of ability might inhibit good performance ( David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron 2011). Therefore, I noticed that the former role was enhancing individual’s abilities before fostering a motivating work environment among achieving better performance. I could comprehend the definition of empowerment, but I wondered if the empowerment was a kind of motivation. Because providing freedom for people to do what they want to do rather than the power, I thought it was a kind of reward belonging to motivation. Researchers claimed that the lack of courage to delegate properly, and of knowledge of how to do it, is one of the most general causes of failures in organizations ( David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron 2011). I noticed that it was significant process that when people empowered to delegation, effecting the development of group performance. Analyse There was a negative effect on our team performance due to differences in ability and language skill. When there was a division of work, some team members could proceed with their own tasks, but some require to give direction. The problem was not that people did not ask for it when previewing the requirement of assignment, it was only at later stages of assignments that they realised assistance was required. This led to some parts of work needed to be redone within the shortage of time. I was always one of group members and needed to assistance while doing the assignment. Indeed I could comprehend the guideline of assignment, so I did my part of assignment following my thoughts. However, some group members denied my contributions and needed to follow their directions, but I actually did not understand their meaning whether I seemed to be lack of English language or ability. I wanted to contribute my work on our group, but the boundary of some opinions might be too narrow. Practice To better develop performance among our group, we decided along with each person to discuss the guideline of assignment before dividing each part of group work. Due to language problems, we did not speak to each other instead of writing key points down, avoiding misunderstanding and wasting time. On the other hand, we chose one of group members who spoke with less accent and others could listen clearly, so the one seemed to be a delegator, assisting other members to exchange opinions when each member could not understand meaning. The effect of the approach would achieve in the next group meeting. Apply Regarding to improve our group performance, I have to enhance my individual’s ability whether language skills or learning ability, before the team leader motivate members. Otherwise, the lower ability can not implement motivation effectively. In addition, I need to expand the scope of communication and contacted with different kinds of foreigners, which is an efficient way to improve my language level and is familiar to their accents. The learning ability is required to foster in the existing experiences, I may ask some hard-working classmates to share learning skills. Week6 Assess After I learnt the subject of developing management skills and went on writing reflective learning journal for 5 weeks, we made a sense of weakness then adopting the way of creativity problem solving, it seemed to have great progress. On the other hand, I fostered own ability in problem solving, and I could come up an idea to share my group members when confronted with unslovable problems. We had different opinion for one topic then we implemented positive conflict, rather than keeping avoiding, compromising and accommodating. From my observation, each member had improved their personal ability when we discussed the assignment, like me, I did not have more extra assistance to understand the direction of my part of work. Learn Besides learning the behavior of problem solving, managing conflict and motivation, the effective team to be designed required other key components, such as good communication, mutual trust, effective leadership,negotiating skills and so on. I found that it was useful to help the situation, when tasks required multiple skills, judgment, and experience among designing effective team. I also noticed that not all designed teams met effective outcomes, the risky would occur when individual employee resistance to teams is strong. Where the national culture is individualistic rather than collectivist. When an established organization places high values on and significantly rewards individual achievement (Leigh L. Thompson,2011). By the way ,I was confused that the textbook indicated that group-serving was one of elements in the theory of are we a team. What belonged to group-serving. Analyse We had such poor time management in our group due to a lack of communication. We failed to sit down and agree on the same opinions when assessing the assignment. This led to not only various styles of answering but also various quantities of work within these answers, which led to additional stress to put on some team members and development of some latent conflict. In our second written assignment, even though we felt we had addressed the issues, we still faced to re-scheduled meetings due to a lack of communication. We made full use of our time to plan our next two group assignments since we had no assignments due on a week. Then we looked busy to have group meetings and everything seemed to be on schedule. Practice To improve communication and time management, we decided no longer leave a meeting until every team member had clearly written down their work assignments and that we all understood what was expected from us. Then we picked a messaging application for phones-WhatsApp, which everyone could get free of charge. While we also decided to send email to communicate each member and required every member to switch email to their own mobile phones. It was convenience and fast way to check emails rather than logging on the laptop. We would look for all the different tools and selected the one which best fulfilled our needs. That helped team members would be instantly available for discussion or assistance. Apply I need to foster my communication skills, which has effect on relationship and trust, as well as group performance. At first time, I should enhance my listening skills, sometimes I find it hard to concentrate on some speakers, I will try repeating their words over in my head, the way reinforce their messages and help me stay focused. Week7 Assess To assess where the level of competency in building effective teams lay I drafted a questionnaire which comprised of, filling in the scores of the skill assessment from the chapter 9of Developing Management Skills (David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron 2011). This data was compiled in the textbook for easy reference. Rather than making all of my conclusions based on empirical data I also used my observations from performance. Having reviewed the data from the textbook of my questionnaire and realising I am lack of competency in building effective teams. I think my necessity and primary mission is the way to foster an effective and motivated team member in a group at current learning. Learn I found I was still confused that the difference between a group and a team. The textbook stated that seemed the scope of team was more widely than the group. In addition, I thought there was new to me that the theory of three key skills to high performing team performance, that is diagnosing and facilitating team development, leading a team and being an effective team member. Suddenly,I realized that it was a difficult task to perform team performance. I was interested in diagnosing and facilitating team development. This skill stated that forming, norming,stroming and performing formed the stage of team development. From my observation, these four stages had significant influence on team development. Analyse At the beginning of forming our team, I found that the dominant culture was individual, rather than collectivist. There was no output interaction, and it was evident that there was absolutely no team spirit. When we decided the suitable time for the next group meeting, some members always delayed time without informing, the situation seriously affected other members’ hours. This led to delay the forming stage of team development, therefore the rest of stages also would be effected. As we knew, the time was important to the team so that was also a reason we almost submitted the assignment before the early deadline. Each member explained that problems had arisen repeatedly but that no one ever took the time to investigate or to solve the matters, since we lacked synergy among the team. Practice We planned to build our team spirit was a prerequisite for teamwork. Generally, we totally agreed to set the scope of time, each member attended the meeting ,who may be late about maximum 10min. If someone could not attend on schedule, he or she should inform other members before starting the meeting. Then other members would recode key points after the absentee catched the work schedule. Apply I think the theory I have learnt is meaningful for me and my team. That is we should adequately implement the four stages of team development to meet better group performance, depending on how effectively the members developed and utilize their communication skills. The team spirit is the prerequisite for teamwork, which is building mutual respect and trust included in the stage of forming, rather than individualism. Next step is fostering commitment to a vision and overcoming tendencies toward groupthink that can occur in the norming stage. Then storming stage pays attention on managing conflict since our team tends to positive conflict, instead of integrate and accommodate behavior. I believe a high-performing team will be achieved if our team carries out these steps. Conclusion I improve my reflective learning journal based on the lecture feedback. For example, the lecture wrote that my reflective learning journal did not follow the learning cycle when reflecting on the material each week, so while writing about weekly reflective learning journal following the pedagogical approach. I find the pedagogical approach provided opportunities for me to apply and develop my process skills to find out things for myself. I am thankful for an appropriate method particularly about writing reflective learning journal. I could express my whole idea freely on it. I would see it as the most effective and appropriate tool for a quiet student like me. It is very beneficial to me because with this reflective journal, I will be able to evaluate my mistakes in the past and to reduce the same istakes or potential mistakes in the future. I would also see reflective learning journal or reflective thought is an effective way to improve my performance. Therefore, I will adopt and apply it for the next couple of weeks. I think that the 4 weeks ‘investment’ in this course has made me received my big dividends which are obtaining the new way of thought in using reflective journal, understanding the importance of teamwork and how to improve the team performance, as well as how to become a creative problem solver. I learnt the importance of being active at the very beginning of lecture’s session which may result in obtaining the other students’ trust to speak on behalf of them. As a team, I found it easier to accomplish complex tasks since we enhance each ability then divide the tasks about who is responsible for what. We also had learning cell which initially made me learn how to collaborate with each other and to work as a team. Reference David A. Whetten and Kim S. Cameron (2011), Developing Management Skills,Eighth edition, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Leigh L. Thompson (2011),Making the Team, 4thedition,International:Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Reflective Journal, Essay examples Reflective Journal Free Essays string(111) " to some alarming sexual health phenomenon, for instance the declining age of the patients of cervical cancer\." Lecture 3 1. Did you learn anything in the session or reading material that surprised, impressed, or shocked you? If so what? And why did it have that effect on you? During the lecture, Sam introduced the origin of homosexuality. According to two British researchers, Wilson and Rahman, genetic factor is also a determinant of sexual orientation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was quite surprised because I used to think that the homosexuality was mainly the result of the environmental factor. For example, some girls were born in a single parent family and the lack of a father makes them feel very protective of their family members. Then, they would take up the role of male and become the support of the family. I always wondered why they had to choose to be a gay/lesbian, who has to go through many difficult times as a result of discrimination by the â€Å"normal people†. I thought the homosexual had a choice to decide who they are. Indeed, I was wrong. I did not realize till I saw the research that some of them were born to be a homosexual. It is not up to them whether they could live an easier life. So, I just learnt that they are just being who they are and it is not their fault to be who they were born to be. I was so shocked by the behaviors of some homophobia. Isolation and teasing are common to the homosexual people. But I never realize that their life is under threat too. I feel sorry for them when I know that some of the minority were executed because of their sexual orientation. 2. How did you respond (as an individual) to Sarah? How are her lived experiences different from yours? Do you think of her sexual orientation as normal or abnormal? .. acceptable or unacceptable? .. different or deviant? .. healthy or sick? Do you believe she is living out a life choice? Be prepared to explain your views Personally I have no special feeling for lesbians because I think there isn’t really a huge difference between us except that they prefer their partner to be a girl but I like guys more. It is similar to the various tastes of different people. Some of them may prefer Japanese cuisine, some other may like Thai more while others may want fast food. Although Sarah has a sexual orientation different from mine, I feel that is absolutely normal. Like I said, it is just a matter of preference. Indeed, for most of the people, the behaviors of the majority eans normal behavior and the rest are regarded as abnormal, which also implies ill deep inside â€Å"normal† people’s mind. Personal judgement is involved. Many people find homosexuality abnormal and unacceptable because their behaviors and sexual orientation are different from the â€Å"normal†. I reckon that so long as the homosexuals are ok with themselves and they do not harm the others, we should not say anything about their personal choice. Why is there such a huge gap of the responses of people towards the choice of the type of food and gay/lesbian’s sexual orientation? It is because those people, in particular typical Chinese, think that the homosexual affects the core value of a family, which is the next generation as they cannot reproduce. So, homosexuality is usually suppressed to allow the extension of families. But then, more and more heterosexuals are choosing not to have babies. Even for homosexual couples, they can extend the family by adopting child. Basically, the collapse of a family should not be an excuse to deter them from staying with someone they love. People need to open up their mind towards variances. Homosexuality is a fact that they cannot deny. It has already existed for a very long period of time, even back in 237AD in the imperial China. May they destroy the flowers and yet they cannot stop the spring. We should accept it to promote harmony in society. After all, homosexual also contribute to society like we â€Å"normal people† do and we should respect them like the way we respect the others. Lecture 4 What can a government do to recognize sexual health as a basic human right According to the World Health Organization, sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. A Government is responsible for upholding its people’s human rights. So, it should carry out both preventive measures and treatment to help to protect sexual health. Currently, our Government is doing well in some aspects of sexual health, for example education of AIDS, provision of support of AIDS patients, sex reproductive health of woman. The action of Government shows its recognition on sexual health as basic human right it upholds. Here are some examples. Concerning sexual health, AIDS has been one of the diseases that catch most attention. It is a destructive disease with no cure at the moment. There are more than 36 million people carrying HIV and 15000 people become infected with HIV in every 24 hours. (Klesius, 2011). 50% of the patients infected with HIV would develop AIDS if there is no proper treatment. Those people’s lives are at stake due to vulnerability and high susceptibility to infections. Being aware of the high infectiousness and the bad consequences of AIDS, the Government has put huge effort in combating the disease through promotion. For example, there are talks for students, imparting the knowledge about AIDS and advertisement on TV about prevention. The effort has been rewarded as the number of newly infected with HIV case has dropped by more than 20% from 2007 to 2011, according to HK Government’s report. Yet, solely education is not enough because the Government has to take care of the infected too. More resources should be allocated to research to find out cure for AIDS, for example, potential HIV vaccines. (Klesius, 2011). Apart from the AIDS, the Government has also reacted to some alarming sexual health phenomenon, for instance the declining age of the patients of cervical cancer. You read "Reflective Journal" in category "Papers" It is now offering subsidies for the injection of HPV vaccines, which offer more than 90% protection for women against HPV types 16 and 18 infections and their related cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. The action marks the Government’s attitude towards sexual health as a basic right. However, protecting people’s physical health is not the sole mission for the Government but also the mental health. So far, it seems to ignore the mental health of the minorities, like LGBT. This is revealed from the failure to fight against the discrimination in society, which hurts their mental health. More effort should be put to protect these minorities. The Government may start by education, not only for students, but also the public through advertisement, talks, forum to let them know more about LGBT and understand them. The Government should take the first step to open up its mind before it can open up the others. What can the LGBT community do to facilitate their sexual rights as human rights Curehelp them to identify what they really are After having learnt about homosexuality and its relevant issues, what can YOU do to help the LGBT community to achieve their basic human rights? The LGBT should be active to fight for and protect their sexual rights. After all, Hong Kong is a relatively conservative society, which is deeply affected by typical Chinese mindset. These sexual rights include the right to express their sexual identity, sexual orientation and equity. Unfairness to LGBT is common in our society. For example, according to Equal Opportunities Commission, people are protected discrimination by Sex Discrimination Ordinance (SDO). It is an anti-discrimination law passed in 1995, which declares discrimination on the ground of sex, marital status and pregnancy, and sexual harassment are unlawful. Both males and females are applicable. Yet, LGBT is not included in the group under protection. Till now, there is still no law against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. This is obviously a kind of unfairness. So, the LGBT should communicate with the Government and express the need to draft the law, probably through media, email, or even demonstration to call for the Government’s recognition of sexual rights as basic human. Yet, the most effective way to facilitate the sexual right is actually to spread the message of equity in society and right the mindset of the public. Discrimination derives from ignorance. It is the misunderstanding of the people that leads to their behaviors. The LGBT community may make videos or organize forum to share their view or experience with the ordinary people, just like what Sarah did. This can facilitate the communication between the two parties and thus a better understanding among the two groups. The Government can also include the topic of homosexuality in sex education. The most important thing is to correct how ordinary people think about LGBT. By then will they stop the discrimination. After learning so much about homosexuality, I think my greatest contribution to achieve their basic human right is to stop discriminate against them. In the past, I belong to one of those ignorant people and felt that they were weird and scared of them. But after learning so much about them, I understand them a bit more. When my family or friends act like what I did in the past, I will explain to them, saying that every one of us should be respected. I hope what I do can influence my family and friends and make them understand the importance of equity, which is the key for harmony. Hopefully, the influence can spread to friends of my friends and eliminate the discrimination against them. Lecture 5 1. Are people born heterosexual or homosexual, or does sexual orientation develop as they grow? ?2. What is the significance of the change of the terms from â€Å"homosexual† to â€Å"gay† to â€Å"queer†/â€Å"tongzhi†? ?3. How does homosexuality relate to identity politics? How does sexuality relate to politics For some homosexual people, their sexual orientation is inborn. A scientist D. F. Swaab found that a portion of the hypothalamus of the brain of homosexual male was structurally different than a heterosexual brain and hypothalamus is the portion of the human brain directly related to sexual drive and function. (Johnson. 2oo3). This may explain why some people are homosexual. It is just because they are born to be who they are. Yet, I personally believe that the modeling of parents could have some effect on the â€Å"heterosexuals†. They have been implanted with the thought that a boy should always date a girl since they were small and they end up become heterosexual. This is because they are educated to be heterosexual and they simply follow what they are told. However, I think for the majority, which is heterosexual, it is the natural phenomenon. Reproduction can only be carried out by the intercourse of opposite sex and it is the instinct of most human that they look for a partner of opposite sex for reproduction. However, I reckon that the above factors are not the only ones that determine the sexual orientation of people. Affection for the others is derived from his/her appearance, personalities, characters and inner beauty. People are attracted to no matter the same or the opposite sex maybe just due to these factors but not the gene or environment. It is simply a way how human express their love. So it is possible that homosexuality is developed as people grow. The change of terms marks an increasing awareness of people on the issue of homosexuality. In the pas, from 1920 to 1950, â€Å"homosexual†, which is relatively more clinical, was more frequently used and then changed to â€Å"gay† from 1950s onwards and to â€Å"queer† from 1990s till now. This suggests that homosexuality is becoming a topic that more and more people will discuss about. So the terms people are using are becoming less and less professional but more like a common language. It also reveals an increasing openness of society. This is because in the past the issue was severely suppressed that ordinary people could hardly touch. Now, people are more and more open-minded and the issue is not something prohibited anymore for most of the countries. So, the change of use of terms also represents a change of attitude towards homosexuality. Sexuality is related to politics in terms of the image of the leaders. Most of the leaders appeared to be heterosexual. But being homosexual is seen as being abnormal by most of people. Even leaders are homosexual, they seldom reveal it because this will imply the end of the life in politics. In addition, leaders are trying to be very careful about their personal sexual affairs because it is a potential threat to their power, just like the scandal of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. People, especially in a society of Chinese, do not only look at one’s ability to lead but also the impact of their personal matters on society. What the leaders do will have a profound impact on society because they are the ones who lead the people. Being heterosexual is a sign of being normal. People do not say it but this is what they think. To avoid a negative impression, â€Å"being normal† in terms of sexual orientation is what leaders do. Reference: Asia Times Online. (2011). In Hong Kong, a quiet advance for gay rights. Retrieved from http://www. atimes. com/atimes/China/MG15Ad01. html Centre of Health Protection. Cervical Cancer. (2011) Retrieved fromhttp://www. chp. gov. hk/en/content/9/25/56. html Equal Opportunities Commission. n. d. ). Sex Discrimination Ordinance and I. Retrieved from http://www. eoc. org. hk/eoc/GraphicsFolder/showcontent. aspx? content=Sex%20Discrimination%20Ordinance%20and%20I Johnson, R. D. (2003). Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture. AllPsych Journal. Klesius, M. (2011). Search for a Cure—AIDS Turns 20. National Geographic magazine. The department of Health. Knowing about HIV. (2 011). Retrieved from http://www. gov. hk/en/residents/health/sexedu/aids. htm Wikipedia. (n. d. ). LGBT rights in Hong Kong. Retrieved fromhttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong How to cite Reflective Journal, Essays Reflective Journal Free Essays Reflective Journal Detailed description as if to an outsider. Often you will use your journal to record detailed descriptions of some aspect of your internship environment, whether physical, behavioral, or organizational. When you write them, you will not have a clear idea of what you will make of these details, but you will sense that they might be important later. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now These descriptions should sound as if you were describing them to someone who was never there. Journals allow you to sound naive. At times you will want to speculate as to why something that you have observed firsthand is as it is. You might derive your explanation from a lecture you have heard, a book you have read, or your own reservoir of â€Å"common sense†. Having posited an interpretation, you will want to continue with your detailed observations on the topic to see if you want to stick with your hypothesis or alter it. Journals allow you to change your mind. Here are a few of the ingredients that go into a keeping a great journal: * Journals should be snapshots filled with sights, sounds, smells, concerns, insights, doubts, fears, and critical questions about issues, people, and, most importantly, yourself. Honesty is the most important ingredient to successful journals. * A journal is not a work log of tasks, events, times and dates. * Write freely. Grammar/spelling should not be stressed in your writing until the final draft. * Write an entry after each visit. If you can’t write a full entry, jot down random thoughts, images, etc. which you can come back to a day or two later and expand i nto a colorful verbal picture. Key questions to answer Describe your experience. What would you change about this situation if you were in charge? How have you challenged yourself, your ideals, your philosophies, your concept of life or of the way you live? Was there a moment of failure, success, indecision, doubt, humor, frustration, happiness, sadness? Do you feel your actions had any impact? What more needs to be done? Does this experience compliment or contrast with what you’re learning in class? How? Has learning through experience taught you more, less, or the same as the class? In what ways? How to cite Reflective Journal, Essays Reflective Journal Free Essays This is an introduction of my experience in a long term care facility. Avoid mentioning the names of agencies and people. Using abbreviations for names such as E. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now T. is appropriate. Continue writing using double spacing. Remember to check for spelling and grammar before submitting your journal. You may need to write the journal in one or two draft modes to generate your deeper reflection on your clinical experience. Allow yourself the time and patience to truly reflect on the meaning this has for you. About two pages typed would be enough for reflecting and expressing your deeper thoughts on the description of the clinical experience and how this experience impacts your nursing practice. Remember that each paragraph should have one point and at least three sentences. Other aspects of the paper include a title page and references. Use a title page, especially since your journal is personal. Having the cover of a title page provides privacy and maintains confidentiality. For example, if the document were to be printed and left on a desk, the first page of the journal would not be exposed for a bystander to read. Unless you have a source that you are citing, you do not need to include a reference page but a sample reference is included in this template. Remember that references are double spaced with a hanging indent. Create a header and page number for the second page before you do the title page. Click on Insert Header. Create the header for the second page using the sample above. You will see Header Design Tools. Check the box for â€Å"Different First Page. † Then go back and click on the header section for the first page (title page). Insert the header for the first page and add the page number in â€Å"current position. † Please proof read your work before submitting it. Simple spelling and typing errors become distracting for the reader of your paper. You are used to proof reading but this is just a gentle reminder. Submit the journal electronically under the assignments tab on Blackboard. The instructions for labeling the file and submitting the document are provided. If you have any difficulty with the electronic submission, you might ask a friend or try the submission again. If you still have difficulty, you may print the journal and bring the document to the instructor at the class time that the assignment is due. Please, however, don’t panic. This is part of learning and adjusting to college life. Your instructor will work through the technology with you. How to cite Reflective Journal, Essays Reflective Journal Free Essays One of my strengths is inquiring. I’m usually the one in a group questioning everything like â€Å"How did this happen? † or â€Å"What is the meaning of†¦. † I also like to know a lot of information on a subject before I consider doing anything with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m a very curious person and sometimes I’ll look at things from a different and new perspective to see what it’s like. I do this because I really enjoy seeing things from new different angles and comparing the two different point of views. This helps me better understand someone else’s view on something.For example if a friend and I are in an argument, I’ll try to wear their shoes and see their side. I also like to know why certain things have importance and value. I point out and question key facts and points to see why exactly it is of such significance. One of my weaknesses is Critical Thinking. I’m alright at it but I know I could do better and could use some improvement. I love thinking; I do it all the time†¦sometimes even too much. I’m great at thinking about problems and solving them. Although sometimes when I read a story or question that is very long and full of ideas, I may get lost in my tracks and not figure out the main point.It becomes a bit challenging for me because I can’t focus on one idea or thought. I think this is because I’m such a curious guy and I keep on jumping from thoughts and conclusion. Another weakness of mine is that I am not a risk taker. I always choose the rational and logical option and never take a little chance on something different. I know sometimes taking a risk pays off big, but unfortunately there are also times when it doesn’t. I’m always curious about what it would’ve been like if I took a risk. I think I never take risks because I fear that if I fail the damage may be hard.I usually take the path that has less damage possible. Another one of my strengths is being very reflective. It’s a very important skill to have because if we never look back at what we have done and the mistakes we have made, we would probably continually make the same mistake. I think I reflect every night before I fall asleep in my bed. I think â€Å"Oh, maybe I shouldn’t have done that,† or â€Å"Yeah that was a funny moment. † I always reflect on my past and on others past. I like to reflect on the past because it helps me see if I made a mistake somewhere so I can keep myself from doing it again.Reflecting helps you see what you’ve missed before, and learn from your past. I know I’m only supposed to mention two strengths but I feel I have another really good one. It’s being a very good communicator. I’m a very social person and I know how speak properly at time and how to explain things if needed. I can also understand someone who doesn’t really explain something great and help them out. I may not use all the correct words but I do get the point across. I enjoy public speaking and entertaining, telling a joke here and there. I do have more strengths and weaknesses but those are my main ones. How to cite Reflective Journal, Essays

The Pebble Mine Essay Sample free essay sample

I visited the site of the proposed Pebble Mine last hebdomad. Like many Alaskans. I had scruples about the wisdom of a large-scale mine being developed in the center of one of the World’s great piscaries. So it was with a just sum of incredulity that I approached this circuit. The presentation that opened the circuit contained a history of the geographic expedition. country geology and an account of how sedimentations of this nature is normally mined. The attention with which the account stage of the mine has been conducted is excess ordinary. There is virtually no hint of where the first nucleus samples were drilled. The awful â€Å"trailing’s pond† is merely a containment country where discarded stone is stored after the ore has been removed. It’s covered with a shallow bed of H2O to forestall acidification. I believe that the mine and the piscary can coexist. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pebble Mine Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ( Haggard. 2011 ) FactAs a Yupik Eskimo from a rural country of Alaska. I have grounds to differ with Carolyn Haggard of Wasilla and her statement of: â€Å"I believe that the mine and the piscary can coexist. † I strongly believe that one of Alaska’s most valuable resource- wild salmon. will. no uncertainty. be contaminated from the effects of the Pebble Mine in operation. 1 ) We know that harmonizing to latest estimations. Pebble Mine will bring forth some 10 billion dozenss of waste. laced with toxic by-products of the excavation procedure. 2 ) We know that it will be located at the caput of the pristine watershed that provenders Bristal Bay. near the largest fresh H2O lake in all Alaska. 3 ) We know that the Bristal Bay watershed sustains one of the most productive piscaries in the universe – Alaska’s wild pink-orange piscary – and that the piscary generates over $ 400 million each twelvemonth. 4 ) We know that big mines leak-during or after their operation-and t hat Cu. in even infinitesimal additions above natural degrees ( several parts per billion ) . is toxic to salmon. 5 ) We know that everything in the watershed depends on the fireplace of the salmon-the people. the communities. and the wildlife. 6 ) We know that the undertaking is overpoweringly opposed by the consequences of the part. with latest survey’s indicating over 80 percent resistance in the Bristal Bay and Lake Peninsula Boroughs. ( Reynolds. 2010 ) HistoryUnscientific appraisal flawed on environmental. regulative and proficient footing. July 26. 2012 Environmental Protection Agency bill of exchange watershed assessment inadequate. rushed and inaccurate. the Pebble Partnership Monday submitted remarks and proficient informations to the EPA charging that the bill of exchange appraisal is uncomplete and failed on a scientific and a regulative footing. Materials submitted by PLP. which include sentiments and expertness from applied scientists. excavation experts and international Technical and Environmental consulting houses. underscore the cardinal spreads in the procedure and skips of critical patterns associated with twenty-first Century excavation. Possibly the most blazing issue is the conjectural mine the EPA created on which to establish its appraisal – a mine that could non be permitted in the United States harmonizing to today’s strict regulative criterions. ( The Pebble Partnership. 2012 ) DecisionIn decision. by conveying consciousness of the amendss that the Pebble Mine is capable of making. the people of Alaska should acquire involved and protect our most valuable resource: wild salmon. by taking a base against the operation of the Pebble Mine. Mentions Haggard. C. ( 2011. Oct 08 ) . Retrieved from Anchorage Daily News. Reynolds. J. ( 2010. June 29 ) . Controling Polution. salvaging wildlife and wild topographic points. Retrieved from Switch Board-NRDC. The Pebble Partnership. ( 2012. July 26 ) . PLP News Release.

Codes and conventions for media studies Essay Example

Codes and conventions for media studies Essay Example Codes and conventions for media studies Paper Codes and conventions for media studies Paper I will be comparing the 4 local newspapers to 1 broadsheet and 1 national tabloid, looking at the level of competition, from the internet TV and radio, and seeking to input the news the public want to feel in the community also the advertising to be to help the needs of everyone. I believe Kilburn Times has a heritage and has a red headline connoting its status of bold, big and classy to 2 local communities Camden and Brent. For my Media project I will be analyzing 4 (national tabloid, and national broadsheet) local newspapers. I will analyze the codes and conventions in order to identify the product efficiently. I intend to publish, The Kilburn Telegraph as part of my observation in forecasting the latest and most recent stories and reports of that particular week. The main features of Willesden Brent Times are that it has a distinctive colour of red on black, in my analysis I selected four newspapers, one representing red top and one mid-market. The Willesden Brent Times and the Kilburn Times tend to take a conservative stance; with a serif type face connotes formality and more educated. Whereas Harrow Observer and The Wembley Observer tend to prefer visual rather than a lot of text, it type face is sans-serif connotes formality and tend to target the less educated group in society. The language presented on the 4 local papers tends to be written informal everyday language concentrating on the dramatic, and the shocking aspects of stories. The Harrow and Wembley observer use a splash with the headline spread over 2 columns, although The Brent Times papers focuses on a small image from a separate story with a kiker to make it of interest to the public. The local newspapers I analysed all have eye catching stories The Willesden Times contained a caption of biker died in tragic crash. The Wembley and Harrow observer were more detailed papers. Whereas with The Wembley observer containing 2 bullet points of the headline to reinforce the story No Jail Term Is Long Enough. The Kilburn Times headline was 80 thugs on the streets conveying the negative, shocking and scary aspects of the story be taking up the central page spread. The red colour suggests (importance). The promotion is suite deal furnishers, Jacobs free wine, win tickets to see the yoga show which is not related to the story. Whereas the Harrow and Wembley observers have a red poppy in memory of the soldiers and a advertisement of i 36 million revamp of borough leisure centers planned, and the diwali special is important for the newspaper. Willesden Brent Times contains one main story which dominates the front page with a small colored image of the victim. It contains white on black usually for headline about the brutal murder of this young boy, the story written in 3 columns, contains colloquial language such as: Dont, also the strap line uses capital letters COPS DONT CARE, using sans-serif connoting informality type face. The next local tabloid I analysed was The Wembley Observer which covers more serious issues, with more detailed information a splash was used with the grieving parents of the murdered son Ian Page, the caption states: they hold a picture of their murdered son. The Harrow Observer story is ROGUE ROCKET RUINS HOUSE in regards to a house which has been blown away by fireworks, the editor Ian Proctor uses the seriousness of the sunlight reflecting on to the blown off roof top of Rose Fagan the fallen victim. This drama covers the whole bottom of the page with white on black, with an advertisement on top unveiling the new leisure centre. The paragraphs and syntax (sentence structure) is short and buoyant. At the top there is a symbol of a poppy commemorating the loved ones who died in war. I researched into the Observer of Wembley; this had a lot of colour and many diverse issues about its upcoming society of the 21st century especially with the new arena Wembley stadium. It has a blue heading colour and covered different stories being a larger print newspaper than Willesden and Kilburn times (local newspaper). I will analyze the new opening of Kilburn library, and tourists perception of London at the Marriott hotel, I will speak to a local police officer about crime violence, such as car robbery, anti-social behaviour, burglary, drugs, and gang crime. I will talk to a local MP in Brent asking for their opinion on the new wheelie bins and their opinion on getting more people to recycle to make Brent greener. Finally I want assurance of the health side (Back page) Willesden sports centre, I will mention their current facilities, its just over a year since it was re-designed (gym, karate hall, indoor badminton, outdoor running, and a swimming pool) I will make a report on findings from my local community.

Velvet Ant Facts

Velvet Ant Facts Velvet ants are part of class Insecta and are found worldwide. They get their name from the bright, fuzzy fur on their bodies. For example, Dasymutilla occidentalis (red velvet ant) is derived from the Greek root word meaning shaggy (dasy). Fast Facts: Velvet Ants Scientific Name: MutillidaeCommon Names: Velvet AntOrder: HymenopteraBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateDistinguishing Characteristics: Black or brown bodies with bright red or orange velvety hairSize: 0.25-0.8 inchesDiet: Bumblebee larvae, nectarHabitat: Desert, meadows, fields, forest edgesConservation Status: Not assessedFun Fact: Red velvet ants are often called cow killers because their stings were said to be powerful enough to kill a cow. Description Velvet ants are wasps that get their name from the velvety fur on their bodies and are not very aggressive. Females do not have wings and walk along the ground for food, while the males have transparent wings and look more like wasps. Females possess curved stingers that extend from the abdomen and can sting multiple times. In some species, such as cow killer ants, their stingers have venom. Although the venom is not particularly toxic, the sting will hurt. Males do not have stingers, but they do have pointed pseudo stingers. Additionally, velvet ants have hard exoskeletons, and their bodies consist of a thorax and abdomen, both of which have short hairs. These ants are between 0.25 and 0.8 inches in size, and they have six legs and antenna. Habitat and Distribution Velvet ants are found worldwide. Some, like the red velvet ant, are mainly found throughout the U.S., but especially in dry regions. They gravitate towards open areas like fields, meadows, and even lawns. However, because velvet ants are parasitic, they will appear wherever their host species, such as bumblebees and wasps, live. Diet and Behavior Velvet Ant searching for prey. Â  rkhphoto/iStock/Getty Images Adult velvet ants consume nectar and water from flowers like milkweed. They may also consume larvae and adult insects, such as flies and beetles. Young velvet ants eat the body of their host as well as its larvae or cocoons. Females are most often found scurrying along the ground looking for nests of host species, while males are found on flowers. Velvet ants are relatively solitary creatures and are most active at dusk/night. These wasps are not normally aggressive and will not sting unless aggravated. Males and females can make squeaking sounds by rubbing abdominal segments against each other as a warning sign or when trapped. As parasites, they attack bumblebee nests, other kinds of wasp nests, and even fly and beetle nests to implant their eggs into them. While females spend most of their time searching for any sign of nests, males are usually spotted flying above the ground in search of a mate. Reproduction and Offspring Males fly close to the ground in search of potential mates and try to detect pheromones the females secrete. After mating, and to ensure the survival of her offspring, females search for and infiltrate ground nests of bumblebees and wasps to lay their eggs. Once a suitable host is located, the female lays her one to two eggs in the hosts larvae. She chooses larvae that have completed feeding and are ready for pupation by cutting through the cocoon and laying her eggs inside. The young will then grow and emerge from the host. The young eat their host, spend the winter in cocoons they spin within the case of the host, and emerge as adults in late spring. From the time they hatch, these young are on their own. One generation of velvet ants per female is likely produced each year. Species Velvet Ant. Â  fitopardo.com/Moment/Getty Images Insects in the family Mutillidae are considered velvet ants due to the similar salient features of the females- wingless and with velvety fur. About 8,000 species have been reported worldwide in the family Mutillidae, with 435 species located in the southern and western parts of North America. The most common species in this family is Dasymutilla occidentalis, which is known as the cow killer. Depending on the location, different species will have different sizes of males and females. In most species, the males are typically larger than the females, but six species found in Florida have similar sizes between males and females. Conservation Status Velvet ants have not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and are not considered pests because they rarely invade homes. Sources Cow Killer (Dasymutilla Occidentalis). Insect Identification, 2019, https://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?identificationCow-Killer.Cowkiller Velvet Ant. Aquarium Of The Pacific, 2019, aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/cowkiller_velvet_ant.Mutillidae - Velvet Ants. Featured Creatures, 2019, https://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/wasps/mutillidae.htm. Velvet Ant | Insect. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/animal/velvet-ant.Velvet Ants. Insects In The City, 2019, https://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/biting-stinging/wasps/ent-3004/.Velvet Ants, A.K.A Cow Killers Ants. Pestworld.Org, 2019, https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/stinging-insects/velvet-ants-cow-killers/.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Case Study - Essay Example Having discussed the requirements of the document, the other team members John and Theresa decided to leave the task of writing the document to be done by Laura alone. In the meeting it seems John is frustrated by the document that has been done by Laura and after some discussions, they agreed on certain amendments to be made on the document. Having done that, they still delegated Laura to work on the amendments on her own. Given this situation, it can be seen that there is no proper willingness to work together as a team where all the members would pull their contributions together towards the attainment of one goal. In an organisation, workers ought to contribute their ideas as well as resources together so as to attain the organisational goal. In this case, it is the responsibility of the team to work together in designing the document on behalf of the client but it seems they are neglecting the task but indeed leaving it to be done by only one person who is a junior in the organisation for that matter. At the end of the day, it is the organisation’s responsibility to make sure that they give the client a satisfactory order since it will suffer the consequences of being discredited by clients in the event that they fail to provide a standard document to the client. It is not Laura who will be blamed but the organisation as a whole. The way they even conduct their meetings show that there is lack of proper cooperation to a certain extent. The last meeting is characterised by jokes and the way John leaves the meeting inexcusably shows that he is not very considerate about what is taking place. It can be seen from the given case study that there is an element of insubordination where the juniors are expected to do much of the tasks within an organisation. Other team members feel that they are not supposed to be doing that task but it is their responsibility together as a team.

Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance - Essay Example "Virulence" and "pathogenicity" refer to the ability of bacteria to cause disease. "Bacteria are complex (while viruses must "live" in a "host" (us), bacteria can live independently) and so are easier to kill" (Antibiotics, Bacteria and (usually not) Viruses 2007). The traditional criteria for establishing that a bacterium is responsible for a disease have been Koch's postulates, which were developed in 1882. Although serving well for many years, these postulates have limitations: (1) not all bacteria can be cultured, (2) not all members of a species are equally virulent, and (3) adequate animal hosts are not always available. Host susceptibility is an important virulence factor for bacteria. The first important step in bacterial pathogenesis is adherence to a host cell. This occurs by means of pili, which consist of long rods that extend out from the bacterial surface. The tips of the pili contain proteins that attach to host cell receptors. In some cases, "pilin, the protein subuni ts of the pilus shaft, attach to the host cell's receptors. In addition to pili, bacterial surface proteins called adhesins attach firmly to the host cells" (Walsh 2003, p. 34). Sometimes the host makes antibodies against pili or adhesin proteins, and this induces the bacteria to make different types of adhesins. Only Gramnegative bacteria make adhesins; the mechanism of how Gram-positive bacteria attach to a host cell is not known (Walsh 2003). The virulence of many bacterial pathogens is due to the toxins they produce, which disrupt normal cell functions and cause cell death. Scholar and Pratt (2000) explain that "exotoxins are proteins that are excreted by dividing bacteria. Exotoxins that attack a variety of cell types are called cytotoxins" (p. 76); those that attack a particular cell type or tissue have specific names, such as neurotoxin, leukotoxin, hepatotoxin, or cardiotoxin. Exotoxins can be associated with a specific bacterial disease. In addition to toxic proteins, pathogenic bacteria also produce hydrolytic enzymes that degrade host tissues and disseminate bacteria within the host. Heat-shock proteins produced by bacteria stimulate autoimmune responses so that host antibodies and T-cells attack healthy host cells (Scholar and Pratt 2000). The essential property that differentiates antibiotics from antiseptics is that they are sufficiently selective to allow their use within the body, rather than just on the surface. This selective toxicity is not absolute but it is quantifiable as we shall see in chapter 6. There is, therefore, always room for improvements and developing drug licensing regulations seek improvements in the comparative safety of antibiotics. "Antibiotics work by destroying either the proteins that build a bacterium's cell wall or the protein-producing ribosomes" (Greene 2000, p. 23). The drug must inhibit the target bacteria at lower concentrations, usually much lower, than those concentrations that produce toxic effects in humans. Some antibiotics can be given in very high doses without toxic effects, e.g. penicillins, but others may produce serious toxicity at levels that are not much above those required for treatment of infection. Many alterations to antibiotics have been made to improve this select ivity; though with some antibiotics this is virtually impossible to achieve. The most selective antibiotics tend to be those that inhibit a process in bacteria that does